Home Journals Books For Authors and Reviewers Online Submission News About Us Contact Us
Search
magazinelogo

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Research

ISSN Online: 2575-7970 ISSN Print: 2575-7989 CODEN: IJCEMH
Frequency: bimonthly Email: ijcemr@hillpublisher.com
Total View: 2448746 Downloads: 549906 Citations: 244 (From Dimensions)
Search articles within this journal Submit an article

Journal Menu

Volumes & Issues

Current Issue

All Volumes

Download PDF

How to cite this paper

7995

TOTAL VIEWS

More Articles

ArticleOpen Access http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijcemr.2022.04.007

Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

Shuo Zhang1,2, Zhen Yang3, Zhenlin Chen4, Zhuoning Li1, Sai Zhang1, Shijun Yue1, Yuping Tang1,*

1Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for TCM Compatibility, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China.

2School of Clinical Medicine (Guang'anmen Hospital), Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.

3School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China.

4International Programs Office, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 712046, Shaanxi Province, China.

*Corresponding author: Yuping Tang

Published: March 25,2022

Abstract

Objective: To systematically evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: Clinical trials were searched in 11 electronic databases from their establishment to November 6, 2021. This network meta-analysis was performed with Stata 15 and WinBUGS 14.3, and the screening process was conducted in Endnote X9. Results: A total of 13 trials with 27,915 participants and 5 kinds of vaccines were included. The most common adverse reaction at the injection site was pain, and systemic adverse reactions were fatigue and fever. Inactivated vaccine is the most widely used vaccine, which has the advantage of avoiding pain, fever and headache. The results showed RBD vaccine was the best for avoiding pain and fatigue, and Ad26 and Ad5 vectored vaccine was the best for avoiding fever. When the dose is increased, the immunogenicity and adverse reactions may also increase. Conclusion: This study was the first large-scale and comprehensive research of COVID-19 vaccine. Most COVID-19 vaccines had good immunogenicity and safety. Medium-dose and double-dose vaccination is recommended. The elderly should be cautious when getting the vaccine because of underlying diseases. Possible side effects and viral mutations in future vaccine development need to be taken seriously. Vaccines for children, the elderly and different ethnic groups need further research. It would be better to explore a COVID-19 vaccine with strong universality and long-lasting effect. Our findings will help experts develop new COVID-19 vaccines and choose a more optimal vaccination for better prevention of COVID-19.

Keywords

COVID-19, Vaccine, Vaccination, Systematic review, Network meta-analysis

References

[1] Chakraborty, C., Sharma, A. R., Sharma, G., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 causing pneumonia-associated respiratory disorder (COVID-19): diagnostic and proposed therapeutic options [J]. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci., 2020, 47: 4016-4026.

[2] Rothan, H. A., Byrareddy, S. N. (2020). The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak [J]. J Autoimmun, 2020, 109: 102433.

[3] https://voice.baidu.com/act/newpneumonia/newpneumonia/?from=osari_aladin_banner#tab4.

[4] Hachfi, W., Lasfar, N. B. (2020). COVID-19: main therapeutic options [J]. Tunis Med., 2020, 98(4): 299-303.

[5] World Health Organization. Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. [Hyperlinked with www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-ofcovid-19-candidate-vaccines].

[6] Corman, V. M., Albarrak, A. M., Omrani, A. S., et al. (2016). Viral shedding and antibody response in 37 patients with middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection [J]. Clin Infect Dis., 2016, 62(4): 477-483.

[7] Romero, J. R., Bernstein, H. H. (2020). COVID-19 vaccines: a primer for clinicians [J]. Pediatr Ann, 2020, 49(12): e532-e536.

[8] Sharma, O., Sultan, A. A., Ding, H., Triggle, C. R. (2020). A review of the progress and challenges of developing a vaccine for COVID-19 [J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 585354.

[9] Korang, S. K., Juul, S., Nielsen, E. E., et al. (2020). Vaccines to prevent COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review with network meta-analysis including individual patient data (The LIVING VACCINE Project) [J]. Syst Rev, 2020, 9(1): 262.

[10] Catalá-López, F., Tobías, A., Cameron, C., et al. (2014). Network meta-analysis for comparing treatment effects of multiple interventions: an introduction [J]. Rheumatol Int, 2014, 4(11):1489-1496.

[11] Ades, A. E. (2006). Bayesian methods for evidence synthesis in cost-effectiveness analysis [J]. Pharmacoeconomics, 2006, 24(1): 1-19.

[12] Sutton, A., Ades, A. E., Cooper, N., Abrams, K. (2008). Use of indirect and mixed treatment comparisons for technology assessment [J]. Pharmacoeconomics, 2008, 26(9): 753-767.

[13] Song, F., Altman, D. G., Glenny, A. M., Deeks, J. J. (2003). Validity of indirect comparison for estimating immunogenicity of competing interventions: empirical evidence from published meta-analyses [J]. BMJ, 2003, 326(7387): 472.

[14] Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., PRISMA group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement [J]. Ann Intern Med, 2009, 151(7): 264-269.

[15] Review manager (RevMan) (computer program). Version 5.3; 2014.

[16] Sedgwick, P., Marston, L. (2015). How to read a funnel plot in a meta-analysis [J]. BMJ, 2015, 16: h4718.

[17] Che, Y. C., Liu, X. Q., Pu, Y., et al. (2020). Randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled phase II trial of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults [J]. Clin Infect Dis., 2020, ciaa1703.

[18] Chu, L., McPhee, R., Huang, W. M., et al. (2021). A preliminary report of a randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [J]. Vaccine, 2021, 39(20): 2791-2799.

[19] Ella, R., Vadrevu, K. M., Jogdand, H., et al. (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: a double-blind, randomised, phase 1 trial [J]. Lancet Infect Dis., 2021, 21(5): 637-646.

[20] Logunov, D. Y., Dolzhikova, I. V., Shcheblyakov, D. V., et al. (2021). Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vec-tor-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia [J]. Lancet, 2021, 397(10257): 671-681.

[21] Mulligan, M. J., Lyke, K. E., Kitchin, N., et al. (2020). Phase I/II study of COVID-19 RNA vaccine BNT162b1 in adults [J]. Nature, 2020, 589(7830): 589-593.

[22] Pan, H. X., Liu, J. K., Huang, B. Y., et al. (2021). Immunogenicity and safety of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 inactivated vaccine in healthy adults: randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials [J]. Chin Med J (Engl), 2021, 134(11): 1289-1298.

[23] Pu, J., Yu, Q., Yin, Z. F., et al. (2021).  The safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults aged 18-59 years: A phase I randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial [J].  Vaccine, 2021, 39(20): 2746-2754. 

[24] Wu, Z., Hu, Y. L., Xu, M., et al. (2021).  Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Co-ronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial [J].  Lancet Infect Dis., 2021, 21(6): 803-812. 

[25] Xia, S. L., Duan, K., Zhang, Y. T., et al. (2020).  Effect of an inactivated vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 on safety and immunogenicity outcomes interim analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials [J].  JAMA, 2020, 324(10): 951-960. 

[26] Xia, S. L., Zhang, Y. T., Wang, W. X., et al. (2021).  Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial [J].  Lancet Infect Dis., 2021, 21(1): 39-51. 

[27] Yang, S., Li, Y., Dai, L. P., et al. (2021).  Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials [J].  Lancet Infect Dis., 2021, 21(8): 1107-1119. 

[28] Zhang, Y., Zeng, G., Pan, H. X., et al. (2021).  Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial [J].  Lancet Infect Dis, 2021, 21(2): 181-192. 

[29] Zhu, F. C., Guan, X. H., Li, Y. H., et al. (2020).  Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, phase 2 trial [J].  Lancet, 2020, 396(10249): 479-488. 

[30] Yuan, P., Ai, P., Liu, Y. H., et al. (2020).  Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J].  medRxiv, 2020, 0224998. 

[31] World Health Organization.  Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations.  [Hyperlinked with ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations]. 

[32] Clinicaltrials.  Safety and immunogenicity study of inactivated vaccine for prophylaxis of SARS CoV-2 infection (COVID-19).  [Hyperlinked with clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT04352608term=Sinovac&cntry=CN&draw=2]. 

[33] Ella, R., Reddy, S., Jogdand, H., et al. (2021).  Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152: interim results from a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, phase 2 trial, and 3-month follow-up of a double-blind, randomised phase 1 trial [J].  Lancet Infect Dis., 2021, 21(7): 950-961. 

[34] Kadali, P. A. K., Janagama, R., Peruru, S., et al. (2021).  Side effects of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A randomized, cross-sectional study with detailed self-reported symptoms from healthcare workers [J].  Int J Infect Dis., 2021, 106: 376-381. 

[35] Folegatti, P. M., Ewer, K. J., Aley, P. K., et al. (2020).  Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial [J].  Lancet, 2020, 396(10249): 467-478. 

[36] Voysey, M., Clemens, S. A. C., Madhi, S. A., et al. (2021).  Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARSCoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK [J].  Lancet, 2021, 397(10269): 99-111. 

[37] Maheshi, N., Minassian, A. M., Ewer, K. J., et al. (2021).  Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial [J].  Lancet, 2021, 396(10267): 1979-1993. 

[38] Walsh, E. E., Frenck, Jr R. W., Falsey, A. R., et al. (2020).  Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate [J].  N Engl J Med., 2020, 383(25): 2439-2450. 

[39] Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., et al. (2020).  Safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine [J].  N Engl J Med, 2020, 383(27): 2603-2615. 

[40] Dagan, N., Barda, N., Kepten, E., et al. (2021).  BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting [J].  N Engl J Med., 2021, 384(15): 1412-1423. 

[41] Kadali, R. A. K., Janagama, R., Peruru, S., et al. (2021).  Non-life-threatening adverse effects with COVID-19 mRNA-1273 vaccine: A randomized, cross-sectional study on healthcare workers with detailed self-reported symptoms [J].  J Med Virol, 2021, 93(7): 4420-4429. 

[42] Keech, C., Albert, G., Cho, I. (2020).  Phase 1-2 trial of a SARSCoV-2 recombinant spike protein nanoparticle vaccine [J].  N Engl J Med., 2020, 393: 2320-2332. 

[43] Sharma, P., Kumar, A. (2020). Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease increases risk of severe COVID-19 [J]. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 2020, 14(5): 825-827.

[44] Rowland, B., Kunadian, V. (2020). Challenges in the management of older patients with acute coronary syndromes in the COVID-19 pandemic [J]. Heart, 2020, 106(17): 1296-1301.

[45] Martinez-Ferran, M., Guía-Galipienso, F., Sanchis-Gomar, F., et al. (2020). Metabolic impacts of confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic due to modified diet and physical activity habits [J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(6): 1549.

[46] Yao, H. (2020). Patient-derived mutations impact pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 [J]. medRxiv, 2020, 2020-2024.

How to cite this paper

Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

How to cite this paper: Shuo Zhang, Zhen Yang, Zhenlin Chen, Zhuoning Li, Sai Zhang, Shijun Yue, Yuping Tang. (2022) Immunogenicity and Safety of COVID-19 Vaccine: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Research, 6(2), 148-164.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijcemr.2022.04.007

Home　|　Journals　|　Books　|　For Authors and Reviewers　|　Online Submission　|　Contact Us　|　About Us

Copyright © 2025 Hill Publishing Group Inc. All Rights Reserved.