References
[1] Khalid A, Hameed A, Tahir MF. Wheat quality: A review on chemical composition, nutritional attributes, grain anatomy, types, classification, and function of seed storage proteins in bread making quality. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1053196.
[2] Traye ID, Oli NM, Weng X, Li K, Suliman MSE, Guo X, et al. Salinity tolerance in wheat: Mechanisms and breeding approaches. Plants. 2025;14(11):1641.
[3] Tarolli P, Luo J, Park E, Barcaccia G, Masin R. Soil salinization in agriculture: Mitigation and adaptation strategies combining nature-based solutions and bioengineering. iScience. 2024;27(2).
[4] Shahid MA, Sarkhosh A, Khan N, Balal RM, Ali S, Rossi L, et al. Insights into the physiological and biochemical impacts of salt stress on plant growth and development. Agronomy. 2020;10(7):938.
[5] Okon OG. Effect of salinity on physiological processes in plants. In: Microorganisms in saline environments: strategies and functions. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019. p. 237-62.
[6] Uçarlı C. Effects of salinity on seed germination and early seedling stage. In: Abiotic stress in plants. IntechOpen; 2020.
[7] Esfandiari E, Gohari G. Response of ROS-scavenging systems to salinity stress in two different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 2017;45(1):287-91.
[8] Hossain A, Skalicky M, Brestic M, Maitra S, Alam MA, Syed MA, et al. Consequences and mitigation strategies of abiotic stresses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under the changing climate. Agronomy. 2021;11(2):241.
[9] Patil P, Gupta AK, Bains NS, Kaur K. Variability in enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. Plant Physiol Rep. 2021;26(3):428-42.
[10] Sairam RK, Rao KV, Srivastava GC. Differential response of wheat genotypes to long term salinity stress in relation to oxidative stress, antioxidant activity and osmolyte concentration. Plant Sci. 2002;163(5):1037-46.
[11] Leonowicz G, Trzebuniak KF, Zimak-Piekarczyk P, Ślesak I, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The activity of superoxide dismutases (SODs) at the early stages of wheat deetiolation. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194678.
[12] Yemelyanov VV, Lastochkin VV, Prikaziuk EG, Chirkova TV. Activities of catalase and peroxidase in wheat and rice plants under conditions of anoxia and post-anoxic aeration. Russ J Plant Physiol. 2022;69(6):117.
[13] Abdel Latef A. Changes of antioxidative enzymes in salinity tolerance among different wheat cultivars. Cereal Res Commun. 2010;38(1):43-55.
[14] Jain M, Jos EM, Arora D, Sharma YK. Effect of proline on Triticum aestivum (wheat) under the drought conditions of salinity. J Pharm Res. 2013;7(6):506-9.
[15] Zulfiqar F, Ashraf M. Proline alleviates abiotic stress induced oxidative stress in plants. J Plant Growth Regul. 2023;42(8):4629-51.
[16] Poustini K, Siosemardeh A, Ranjbar M. Proline accumulation as a response to salt stress in 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Genet Resour Crop Evol. 2007;54(5):925-34.
[17] Shtaya MJ, Yasin A, Fatoom J, Jebreen M. The effect of salinity on leaf relative water content and chlorophyll content of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces from Palestine. Hebron Univ Res J (Nat Sci). 2019;8:52-65.
[18] Shah SH, Houborg R, McCabe MF. Response of chlorophyll, carotenoid and SPAD-502 measurement to salinity and nutrient stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Agronomy. 2017;7(3):61.
[19] Masarmi AG, Solouki M, Fakheri B, Kalaji HM, Mahgdingad N, Golkari S, et al. Comparing the salinity tolerance of twenty different wheat genotypes on the basis of their physiological and biochemical parameters under NaCl stress. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0282606.
[20] Munns R, Tester M. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2008;59:651-81.
[21] Ashraf MHPJC, Harris PJ. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica. 2013;51(2):163-90.
[22] Loudari A, Mayane A, Zeroual Y, Colinet G, Oukarroum A. Photosynthetic performance and nutrient uptake under salt stress: Differen-tial responses of wheat plants to contrasting phosphorus forms and rates. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:1038672.
[23] Ashraf MPJC, Harris PJ. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci. 2004;166(1):3-16.
[24] Chen JF, Liu Y, Zhang TY, Zhou ZF, Huang JY, Zhou T, et al. Integrated physiological and transcriptional dissection reveals the core genes involving nutrient transport and osmoregulatory substance biosynthesis in allohexaploid wheat seedlings under salt stress. BMC Plant Biol. 2022;22(1):502.
[25] Szabados L, Savouré A. Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Sci. 2010;15(2):89-97.
[26] Hosseinifard M, Stefaniak S, Ghorbani Javid M, Soltani E, Wojtyla Ł, Garnczarska M. Contribution of exogenous proline to abiotic stresses tolerance in plants: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):5186.
[27] Imran K, Iqbal M, Mahmood A, Maqbool R, Ali M, Aslam MT, et al. Foliar applied proline and acetic acid improves growth and yield of wheat under salinity stress by improving photosynthetic pigments, physiological traits, antioxidant activities and nutrient uptake. Not Bot Horti Agrobo. 2022;50(3):12820-12820.
[28] Foyer CH, Noctor G. Oxidant and antioxidant signalling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ. 2005;28(8):1056-71.
[29] Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, da Silva JAT, Fujita M. Plant response and tolerance to abiotic oxidative stress: antioxidant defense is a key factor. In: Crop stress and its management: perspectives and strategies. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2011. p. 261-315.
[30] Seleiman MF, Aslam MT, Alhammad BA, Hassan MU, Maqbool R, Chattha MU, et al. Salinity stress in wheat: Effects, mechanisms and management strategies. Phyton. 2022;91(4):667.
[31] Zhu JK. Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2001;6(2):66-71.
[32] Angon PB, Tahjib-Ul-Arif M, Samin SI, Habiba U, Hossain MA, Brestic M. How do plants respond to combined drought and salinity stress?—A systematic review. Plants. 2022;11(21):2884.