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ArticleOpen Access http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ea.2026.03.010

A Review of Real-time Electrochemical Sensing and Detection Technologies for Organoid Metabolites

Jiaqi Wang

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.

*Corresponding author: Jiaqi Wang

Published: March 31,2026

Abstract

Real-time electrochemical monitoring of organoid metabolites is a critical technology for studying dynamic metabolism and functional states in in vitro organ models. This review focuses on electrochemical detection of two representative biomarkers—glutamate (Glu) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)—in brain and liver organoid research. First, the enzymatic detection principles for both analytes are systematically introduced, including the evolution from first- to third-generation biosensors. Second, enzyme-based and non-enzymatic electrochemical methods are compared and evaluated regarding sensitivity, selectivity, linear detection range, and long-term stability. Third, the roles of nanomaterial-modified electrodes, including graphene, MXene, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles, in improving signal-to-noise ratio and overall detection performance are discussed. Fourth, recent advances in microelectrode array technology with innovative three-dimensional designs specifically developed for organoid applications are analyzed in detail. Finally, future development directions are prospected, including the construction of intelligent integrated sensing platforms, organ-on-a-chip integration, and multi-modal data fusion analysis. Despite remaining technical challenges in system integration and long-term biocompatibility, these innovative technologies are expected to provide more standardized characterization tools for organoid-based basic research, drug screening, and personalized medicine.

Keywords

Organoids; Electrochemical biosensors; Microelectrode array; Metabolic monitoring; Glutamate; Alanine aminotransferase

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How to cite this paper

A Review of Real-time Electrochemical Sensing and Detection Technologies for Organoid Metabolites

How to cite this paper: Jiaqi Wang. (2026). A Review of Real-time Electrochemical Sensing and Detection Technologies for Organoid Metabolites. Engineering Advances6(1), 45-49.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ea.2026.03.010