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OAJRC Environmental Science

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ArticleOpen Access http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/oajrces.2025.12.003

Implications of Gas Flaring on Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Load Emission in the Lower Qua Iboe River Basin, Nigeria

R. Ekpeyong1, C. M. Abraham1, I. Davies1, U. J. Jimmy1,*, E. P. Otong2

1Department of Geography and Natural Resources Management, University of Uyo, Uyo 520003, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

2Akwa Ibom State College of Science and Technology, Nung Ukim 532111, Ikono, Nigeria.

*Corresponding author:U. J. Jimmy

Published: January 16, 2026

Abstract

This research investigates the impact of gas flaring on hydrocarbon and heavy metal load in the Lower Qua Iboe River Basin, a region within the oil-rich Niger Delta of Nigeria. While the economic benefits of oil and gas production are evident, the environmental and health consequences of gas flaring remain a significant concern. This study addresses a gap in recent, localized data regarding the specific effects of both onshore and offshore gas flaring on water quality. Water samples from ten purposively selected communities were analyzed for twenty parameters, including physicochemical properties, total coliform, and heavy metals. To complement this, 352 questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to gather data from residents. Furthermore, heavy metal analysis showed higher mean concentrations during the dry season, with Arsenic at 0.5260 mg/L, Cadmium at 0.6700 mg/L, and Copper at 0.7500 mg/L. Regarding TPH concentrations, finding shown that the water was contaminated with levels significantly above WHO guidelines. The findings were compared to previous research, which confirmed the link between gas flaring and persistent hydrocarbon pollution. The study concluded that the concentration of pollutants is directly influenced by proximity to the flare sites, with communities closer to flares showing higher levels of contamination and associated health risks. The findings highlight the urgent need for a multi-level mitigation approach to protect this vital water resource and the health of the local population.

Keyword

Gas flaring; Hydrocarbons; Heavy metals; Nigeria

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Copyright

© 2025 by the author(s).
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not modified or adapted.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

How to cite this paper

Implications of Gas Flaring on Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Load Emission in the Lower Qua Iboe River Basin, Nigeria

How to cite this paper: R. Ekpeyong, C. M. Abraham, I. Davies, U. J. Jimmy, E. P. Otong(2025) Implications of Gas Flaring on Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Load Emission in the Lower Qua Iboe River Basin, NigeriaOAJRC Environmental Science6(2), 65-74.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/oajrces.2025.12.003